Paradox Theory: A Bibliometric Study

Abstract

Paradox theory has gained increasing relevance in management and innovation studies due to the rise of organizational tensions inherent in complex and dynamic environments. Although the literature shows sustained growth—particularly in the United States and Europe—significant gaps remain in its application to new product development and in Latin American contexts. This bibliometric study aims to identify research trends, dominant approaches, gaps, and opportunities related to paradox theory in the organizational field, addressing who has studied it, how it has been studied, and from which geographical contexts. An advanced search was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) database using the terms “paradox theory,” “paradoxical mentality,” and “paradoxical tension,” refined by management and innovation categories. The final sample consisted of 314 documents published between 1991 and 2025 from 152 sources, which were analyzed using the Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny package in R to generate indicators, networks, and bibliometric clusters. The results reveal an annual growth rate of 6.68% in scientific production, concentrated mainly in Anglo-Saxon countries. Authors such as Lewis, Smith, and Clegg stand out as the most influential, while management and organizational journals host the core publications. Co-occurrence network analysis identifies two main clusters: one focused on models and management, and another related to innovation, exploration, and tensions. Qualitative approaches and organizational case studies predominate. Relevant gaps are identified in the empirical application of paradox theory to new product development, applied creativity, and contradictory market demands, as well as a marked underrepresentation of Latin America. The study concludes that while paradox theory is a well-established lens for explaining organizational tensions and fostering innovation, further research is needed in emerging markets and in product-, customer-, and creativity-centered perspectives.